Ten Percent Law by Lindeman

Ten Percent Law: Ten percent law for the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next was introduced by Lindeman (1942). According to this law, during the transfer of energy from organic food from one trophic level to the next, only about ten percent of the of energy from organic matter is stored as flesh. The remaining is lost during transfer, broken down in respiration, or lost to incomplete digestion by higher trophic levels. The ten percent law suggests or implies that exactly 90% of the energy is lost in the transfer at each trophic level, and that only 10% is passed on as useable biological energy. That implied preciseness is misleading, however, and is one of the reasons that many scientists discount the concept, even label it a myth. Instead, it should be considered a rule of thumb, a teaching device, or perhaps best, a mnemonic device that serves as a reminder of the striking inefficiencies of natural systems.

The ten percent law does stand for a real fact of nature: most of the energy available at one level in an ecosystem is lost in the transfer to the next level. A very small percentage of the light energy that reaches the leaf surface of plants is actually assimilated, or turned by photosynthesis into organic compounds. Most of the light energy absorbed by plants is converted directly to heat and lost. Many plant parts are inedible by herbivores (the next trophic level) and is lost for energy transfer. The plants use much of the energy absorbed to live, as do the herbivores that eat them. So if there are 40,000 kg of producers, how many kg of primary consumers are there? 40,000 kg/ 10 = 4,000 kg. How many kg of secondary consumers? 400 kg How many kg of tertiary consumers? 40 kg
Questions based on Ten Percent Law:

Q.1 Ten percent law is given by
A. Lindmann
B. Goldmann
C. Beckmann
D. None of these
Ans: A

Q.2 If the energy available to the plants from the sun is 20,000J. What would be the energy available to the lion in the food chain , Plant? Dear? Lion
A. 20J
B. 200J
C. 2000J
D. 20000J
Ans: B

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God particle or Higgs boson

What is God particle: Higgs boson or or God particle is an elementary particle initially theorised in 1964, and tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013. The "God particle" is the nickname of a subatomic particle called the Higgs boson. In layman’s terms, different subatomic particles are responsible for giving matter different properties. One of the most mysterious and important properties is mass. Some particles, like protons and neutrons, have mass. Others, like photons, do not. The Higgs boson, or “God particle,” is believed to be the particle which gives mass to matter. The “God particle” nickname grew out of the long, drawn-out struggles of physicists to find this elusive piece of the cosmic puzzle.  The “standard model” of particle physics is a system that attempts to describe the forces, components, and reactions of the basic particles that make up matter. It not only deals with atoms and their components, but the pieces that compose some subatomic particles. This model does have some major gaps, including gravity, and some experimental contradictions. The standard model is still a very good method of understanding particle physics, and it continues to improve. The model predicts that there are certain elementary particles even smaller than protons and neutrons. As of the date of this writing, the only particle predicted by the model which has not been experimentally verified is the “Higgs boson,” jokingly referred to as the “God particle.”
Here are some pictures that may help you understand God Particle:

 

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Nobel Prize Winners 2012

Nobel Prize Winners 2012 List: Nobel Prizes are awarded each year by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, Literature, Peace, and Physiology or Medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economic. Nobal Prize 2012 are declared in Most of Subject. Here is complete list of Nobel prize winners 2012.

Nobel Prize Winners 2012:

Medicine or Physiology Nobal prize winner 2012: Sir John Gurdon (UK) and Shinya Yamanaka (JAPAN)

Nobel prize 2012 for medicine awarded to Sir John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for a crucial discovery in stem-cell science: how to make what are known as pluripotent stem cells from ordinary body cells. What the citation did not say was that this work also allows clones to be made from adult animals, potentially including people. 

Physics Nobal prize winner 2012: Serge Haroche (France), and David Wineland (USA)

Serge Haroche, a French-Jewish physicist who was born in Casablanca, Morocco, has won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with David Wineland from the United States. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 went to the scientists "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems," the website of the Nobel Prize said.

Chemistry Nobal prize winner 2012: Robert J Lefkowitz (USA), Brian K Kobilka (USA).

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 was awarded jointly to Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors". Americans Robert J Lefkowitz and Brian K Kobilka have won this year's chemistry Nobel for their work on G-protein-coupled receptors, which allow cells to sense light, flavour, odour and receive signals from hormones and neurotransmitters. 

Literature Nobal prize winner 2012: Mo Yan (CHINA)

Chinese author Mo Yan, who left school for a life working the fields at the age of 12, has become the first Chinese citizen ever to win the Nobel prize in literature, praised by the Swedish Academy for merging "folk tales, history and the contemporary" with "hallucinatory realism". The win makes Mo Yan the first Chinese citizen to win the Nobel in its 111-year history: although Gao Xingjian won in 2000, and was born in China, he is now a French citizen

Peace Nobal prize winner 2012: European Union (EU) has won the Nobel Peace Prize 2012.

Economic Sciences Nobal prize winner 2012:  Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley (USA)
Two US Economic Academicians - Alvin E. Roth from Harvard University, Cambridge, and Lloyd S. Shapley from University of California, Los Angeles have been selected for Nobel Prize winners in Economics category for year 2012 for giving the theory "stable allocations and the practice of market design".

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RAS Pre Physics paper cancelled, Now Exam on 18th August 2012

Rajasthan Public Service Commission(RPSC) Ajmer today Cancelled the PHYSICS Subject Optional paper of RAS Pre Examination held on 14th July 2012 as per Notification issued today on RPSC Website. 

Now Physics Paper of Rajasthan State & subordinate services combined competitive  (Preliminary) Examination 2012 will be re-conducted by RPSC, Ajmer. The New date of RAS Pre Physics Paper is 18th August 2012 from 10 to12 AM. The exam is cancelled on the basis of binding error in the question booklets. In the re-examination only those students will be allowed to sit who had written the previously held RAS pre exam for physics on 14th June 2012.

For Official Circular for Cancellation of Paper visit: RPSC Ajmer website Link.

For all Previous year RAS/RTS Papers(1991-2012) visit: RAS Exam Previous years Papers or For More Updates on RAS Exams Follow us on FACEBOOK OR GOOGLE+

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